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本篇英国paper代写-Increasing infrastructure budget varies讲了增加基础设施预算问题的立法策略在新泽西州和加州两州之间有所不同。这个问题将包含该组织的议程，我的战略将跟踪该实体的记录和声誉，以使其具有说服力和有效性。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

My legislative strategy on the issue of increasing infrastructure budget varies between two states, New Jersey and California. The issue will contain the agenda of the organization and my strategy will track the record and reputation of the entity in order for it to be persuasive and effective. 

For NJ, my strategy would be proactive with implementation of year round activities. Obviously, the Governor in NJ is the key to the lobbying of legislative strategy, and his identity as a long time governor is to be noted throughout the plan. For example, I would address my issue mainly at the Governor’s central staff, cabinet officers and other members who are influential from the Governor’s past roles. What is more, I would research about the Governor’s issues to make them helpful by providing leadership to those issues. Meanwhile, I would also approach to Office of Legislative Services as it advises on drafting of legislation for conformance. This is because NJ has the strongest executive branch in the nation. In NJ, the Governor only has its Lt. Governor since 2009 as state line officer. According to the state constitution, the Lt. Governor does not carry actual power or duties other than head of cabinet level agency within the governor’s administration. This means that Governor has broad Executive powers, including budgeting proposition, line item veto over expenditures, veto on legislation, and failing to sign legislation at the end of session. In terms of legislature aspects, NJ has part time legislatures, which means that the representatives meet yearly during lawmaking. With an 80-member assembly and 40-member senate, the legislation body has the two-year session that requires representatives to meet throughout the year. The legislators have increased over the years, but it is just their job to do so. It has dual committee reference for all legislation appropriations or expenditures, reflecting the developed committee structure. 

My strategy for CA would be quite different from NJ by focusing more on the legislative body instead of the Governor. It is apparent from above that approaching to the Governor alone is not enough for lobbying my strategy of budgeting. For example, the state senate could be a good choice and relationship should be cultivated accordingly. The relationship that I would like to nurture should aim at the right audiences in the legislative branch. It is to be noted that the newly elected officials could be recalled due to the Initiative & Referendum process, so those with experience should be considered. Apart from the legislative body, the Lt. Governor can also be a target to approach as he has many powers regarding the economy and education systems. This is because CA has a relatively weaker Executive Branch. The Governor serves with an elected Lt. Governor, who runs separately and might come from the opposite party. The Lt. Governor has several constitutional powers, which includes being the president of State Senate, chairing Commission on Economic Development and State Lands Council, and sitting on boards of California State University systems. Meanwhile, there are other state line officers, which is very different from the situation in NJ. Although the Governor can sign or veto a bill passed by legislature, he cannot amend it without the right of line item veto. CA has full time legislatures compared to the part-time legislatures in NJ, while having the same number in Assembly. Therefore CA has more time to meet and the legislative activities are more frequent, mainly through January through September. The California legislators are term-limited to eight years, as are all state line officers to two four-year terms of eight years. All bills passed take effect the January 1 following year of passage. It is worth noticing that California is the biggest practitioner of Initiative & Referendum process, which enables the voters to propose legislation or remove elected officials from office. 

5. Compare and contrast the rules and procedures of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives. Please provide at least three well-explained examples of similarities and three well-explained examples of differences, pulling from the reading assignment, our discussion in class, and any other credible source (which you should cite).

The differences of the two chambers are obvious. Firstly, the U.S Senate and House of Representatives have difference in leadership. Although both represent the two-party system, it is obvious that the leader of the House is the Speaker, while the leader in Senate is the Vice President. Despite that they both have Majority and Minority leader, Majority and Minority Whip, as well as Conference and Policy Chairs, the House has Caucus and Campaign Committee Chairs compared to the President Pro-tempore of the Senate. Secondly, the two chambers have difference in structures. The House has 435 members and the size is much bigger than the 100-member Senate, leaving a more structured body for the House. As senators represent broader constituency than house representatives, their representation is reflected as equal of numbers within each state. As a result, each member of the House is more or less experiencing more restraints from the rules and procedures than that of the Senate. For instance, the Manual for the 114th Congress contains more than 1400 pages, while the Senate has far less in its rules, standing orders, resolutions, and laws. Meanwhile, senators serve longer terms than representatives in office. While senators get to stay in office for six years and there are no restrictions on the number of times to be reelected, senators can have tenures in their position. Representatives only get to serve for two-year terms, with the Resident Commissioner serving up to four years.  Thirdly, the two chambers have difference in procedures. The amendments in the House have the germaneness requirement, while the Senate has no such requirement. In most cases, the Senate can have extended debate over issues, while the House has a motion to end debate by majority vote instead of extending it. In the House, the Speaker has unchallengeable recognition authority compared to the presiding officer of the Senate. The latter must recognize the senator first seeking recognition, with only a few exceptions. Finally, the House has a Rules Committee that can determine ground rules for motions on the floor, including debates and legislation amendments. Compared to this, the Senate does not have the Rules Committee.   

The two chambers also have similarities. Firstly, the U.S Senate and House of Representatives have similarity in committee structure. Both chambers are equally in power while sharing responsibilities in legislation, oversight, and representation. What is more, the roles and responsibilities of the House and Senate tend to interact with each other over the common course of heavy workloads, party structures, and committee jurisdictions.  Secondly, the two chambers have similarity in lawmaking process. During a lawmaking process, the legislation procedure is usually bill introduction, Committee referral, Subcommittee and Committee action, Floor action, Passage, Conference between Houses, Presidential approval or veto. The majority rule works for both chambers, which means that the majority in both House and Senate can decide whether to pass a bill or not.  Thirdly, the two chambers have similarity in their need of DC and State/district offices.  Due to the heavy information workload and political issues, both chambers have become more and more dependent on office staff than years ago. House and Senate members are travelling more frequently to states they represent to meet with constituents, listening to their advocates. Meanwhile, as the society makes progress on the complexity of election campaigns, making them more professionalized and competitive, House and Senate representatives are more and more actively seeking re-election once they are sworn into office. It is now common that they would combine means of traditional and social media in order to cope with unforeseeable election developments. 

6. Describe the process of Intergovernmental Relations, which we discussed in a previous class. Discuss some of the roles that “lobbyists” within government have in both a political and a coordination “mode”.

Intergovernmental Relations (IGR) is related to government affairs, which include all sorts of lobbying and non-lobbying activities with the ultimate purpose of influencing public policy. The coordination of Intergovernmental Relations happens between different levels of government, including the federal, state, county, regional entities and municipal levels. Since government needs coordination within different branches and issues, such as homeland security, health and welfare, infrastructure, labor and education, the relationships and coordination serve an important role between these departments and levels of government. 

IGR is partly realized by secretary’s representatives since they serve as liaisons to state and local government officials and other stakeholders within federal government departments. What is more, each state and local government needs the IGR process when they need to apply for federal grants and funding, and the Division of Intergovernmental Relations and local commission on Intergovernmental Relations will coordinate such needs. Meanwhile, the process of IGR requires entities, especially state and local level governments, to set up offices in the Capital, Washington. This is for grants, coordination with delegation and cabinet departments, federal initiatives, disaster relief and other major instances. On the city level, a City’s Intergovernmental Relations Department is responsible for monitoring state and federal government activities, developing legislative programs, managing the City's federal and state consultants, and coordinating legislative activities with other public and private-sector entities.

Part of the process in Intergovernmental Relations is mainly realized through lobbying. Lobbying is defined in the U.S Constitutions as an act to petition the government for advocating one’s policy and such influences is made through legislation, regulation, and other government actions.  This includes approaching the congress member directly through the means of phone calls, letters, emails, or face-to-face conversations, as well as reaching decision makers indirectly through grassroots campaigns. A lobbyist might work for a company, an association, a firm, interest group, the government or other organizations seeking for their own interests in government policy, as almost all of these organizations have representatives in D.C. The lobbyists representing the organization will push forward their policy issues before the Congress or executive branch depending on which branch the issue falls under the jurisdiction. 

The lobbying consultants, or lobbyists, have numerous roles within the government while representing them. The coordination and political roles that the lobbyists have within the government is reflected upon four major aspects. To begin with, lobbyists can help the government to maintain government relations through intelligence gathering. This is because they can obtain information from the political center and quickly reflect it to the government they work for, allowing it to react and respond. The outcomes of successful lobbyists would be timely responses to instant news and incidents and it is what makes the government successful. What is more, lobbyists serve as strategic counsels to governments as they address policy and political issues actively that can be reflected in the government’s policies. As the consultants, lobbyists can contribute to the government’s thinking both in depth and width regarding public policy issues as well as challenges. Another major mode that lobbyists have is direct lobbying within the house and senate. Through this way, different branch members can have contact with Congress and maintain the relationship to leverage their interests. Finally, lobbyists serve as a channel for communication between different levels of government and media. Not only can they bring messages toward policy making and coordination, they can also assist with message development of the government through media outlets. 

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